Koy Sanjaq (KS): What of your Jews from Koy Sanjaq, citizen because the on 1951 into the Israel

Recommendations comes from Robert Hoberman (private communication). So it is apparently generally representative of Jewish languages off a number of other metropolitan areas for the part too, including Aqra and you may Rawanduz.

Yet not, in this dialect there clearly was a highly strange alter from h to help you h regarding third people only 1 possessive suffixes: resIh ‘his head’

Azerbaijan (Azer): The text of the Jews out of Iranian Azerbaijan, also teams during the Urmi, Salmas, Basqale, Mahabad, and you can Yuksekova. Information is away from Garbell (1965).

Halabja (Hala): What of the Jews from Halabja for the Iran-Iraq border. This is very around the Jewish languages of one’s almost every other cities of the part, plus Saqqiz, Suleimaniya, Sanandaj, Baneh, and you will Panjwin. Recommendations arises from my personal cards.

We will examine such dialects pertaining to twenty-five phonological, morphological, morpho-lexical, and you will lexical criteria. Following the Hetzron (1976, 98), i’ve selected just innovations as requirements to have classification. You will find chose good disproportionate level of morphological criteria, and now we shall give them unique pounds, once again adopting the Hetzron, but most other shared designs is considered as better.

Note in addition to the more challenging preservation and also installation out-of in the Koy Sanjaq reported by Hoberman (1985)

While we examine the newest dialects regarding NENA we shall you will need to influence the newest extent that brand new languages share a distinct development which is different from Turoyo and you can Mandaic. Meanwhile, we’ll pick packages regarding isoglosses contained in this NENA.

(1) Stress is generally penultimate throughout brand new NA languages, and Turoyo and you can Mandaic although not regarding three easternmost Jewish languages, Jewish Azerbaijani, Koy Sanjaq, and you can Halabja, which stress the past syllable. Such dialects search, such as this, like in more (Garbell 1965), to display an unusually solid influence off Kurdish.

(2) All NENA dialects have blended h and you will x. Inside the Hertevin the result is h, and you may every-where more it is x: Hertevin haye ‘life’ (Jastrow 1988, 189) and dmehli ‘I slept’ (Jastrow 1988, 18), Tkhuma xa:[Theta]an effective ‘new’, Jilu ptIxli ‘I opened’ (Fox 1992, 45), and you may +damxotu ‘you sleep’ (Fox 1992, 55).(4)

One another Turoyo and you may Mandaic preserve independent h and x. Some NENA dialects possess reintroduced h given that a borrowing away from Kurdish or Arabic or out-of Ancient Syriac otherwise Hebrew.(5) Yet not, the passed down code consistently suggests x. Such as for example, within the Tisqopa you will find lent Arabic terminology, instance sahabi ‘friend’, having h, however, passed on terms and conditions like laxma ‘bread’ continuously let you know x. (6)

(3) All NENA dialects but Hertevin and you can Zakho have lost extremely period from passed down. Such, within the Aradhin we discover arba ‘four’, upra ‘earth’ add up to Syriac arb a beneficial and you will afra. From inside the Hertevin and in Zakho, inherited is daily ?: Hertevin therefore?an effective ‘seven’ (Jastrow 1988, 99), Zakho sme?los angeles ‘she heard’ (Meehan and you can Alon 1979, 189). A number of most other languages most are preserved just like the ?, and you will, throughout the other individuals, is finished entirely. Certain dialects enjoys reintroduced borrowed from Arabic otherwise Kurdish. Such as, Halabja possess ayza ‘good’.

(4) In the before languages from Aramaic, such as Tiberian Hebrew, t turned [Theta] after a great vowel. That it alternation might have been lexicalized into the NENA, that have often t otherwise [Theta] spreading because of entire paradigms, whether preceded by the a vowel or otherwise not. Such as for instance, inside Aradhin brand new verb ‘come’ is now offering [Theta] throughout: a[Theta]ya ‘it (fem.) comes’, also [Theta]e:la ‘she came’ (Krotkoff 1982, 70, 74). Next, in a few dialects new phoneme [Theta] has experienced more transform. In a number of dialects [Theta] keeps merged back to t, along with someone else it has become s or even l.(7) In a single dialect verwenden einen Weblink, Jilu, it is h then been erased except in the beginning of a term. The 3 easternmost Jewish languages show the surprising change out-of [Theta] to at least one. The results of those alter is seen on keyword ‘house’ and therefore appears in various dialects because the getting:[Theta good]an effective (Tkhuma), biya (Jilu), beta (Hertevin), bela (Halabja), and besa (Sanandaj Christian).